Many Italian retirees move abroad for tax advantages or because the cost of living is lower than in Italy. Spain is the most popular destination, followed by Tunisia (Hammamet is especially popular among former public-sector workers) and Romania, in addition to Portugal, which since 2024 no longer grants tax breaks to new arrivals but maintains them for 10 years for those who moved before 2023. Albania is also growing, while there are approximately 750 Italian retirees in Greece and Thailand, over 710 in the Principality of Monaco, 285 in Malta, and 112 in the United Arab Emirates. 536 pensioners migrated to Spain in 2023 (451 in 2022), bringing the total to around 8,417 Italians to whom INPS pays roughly €147 million overall for an average monthly pension—over 13 payments—of €1,339 (an average of €17,500 per year). In the five-year period from 2019 to 2023, around 2,300 elderly people moved to the country, putting Spain at the top of the list of options for Italians over 65 due to its lower tax rates.