Five European countries have declared new types of military cooperation, this time involving drones and anti-aircraft defense. The commitment is to start production within 12 months. The defense ministers and deputy ministers of Germany, France, Poland, the United Kingdom, and Italy made the announcement following a meeting in Krakow. The five countries declared their intention to collaborate in the production of anti-aircraft defense systems, which will include low-cost effectors. Effectors are devices that enable drones to interact with their environment and fulfill their intended purpose. The conflict in Ukraine has underlined the increasing relevance of drones. Interceptor drones, in particular, have shown to be an effective alternative to missiles in anti-aircraft defense. In their statement, the five countries' representatives highlighted that their cooperation must help to expedite the formation of a European pillar inside NATO. The announcement comes after the European Commission presented a roadmap in October entitled "Preserving Peace - Defence Readiness Roadmap 2030". The action plan includes four major initiatives, including one to develop anti-drone defense technologies. The European drone market is expected to reach €4.2 billion by 2027, up from €1.8 billion in 2021.