As of January 1, 2025, the ISMU ETS Foundation estimated that 5.898 million foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing a 143,000 increase from the previous year. The primary driver of this growth is foreign residents, who have amounted to 5.371 million. In contrast, the number of legal residents who are not registered in the registry office (188,000) and the number of irregular residents, who are estimated to be 339,000, have remained relatively consistent. Regarding arrivals, in 2025 sea arrivals are overall stable, standing at around 66 thousand people (-0.5% compared to 2024). However, the death toll in the central Mediterranean remains high, with at least 1,342 persons killed or missing. Land arrivals, on the other hand, are decreasing: from around 7,300 in 2024 to 3,900 along the Italian-Slovenian border in the first eight months of 2025. Important data also concern school and work. There are around 930,000 students having non-Italian citizenship, accounting for 11.6% of the overall school population. Immigration continues to play an important role in the labor market in a country distinguished by demographic aging: in 2024, the foreign workforce increased by more than 4%, accounting for nearly 11% of the total, while more than 133,000 of the newly employed were foreign residents.