While Italy endeavors to establish itself in critical raw material supply chains, some investments are moving in the opposite direction, from Australia to Italy. This is the case with Altamin Limited, an ASX-listed mining firm that operates in Italy via its subsidiary Energia Minerals. The economic stakes are considerable. In the midst of substantial disruptions to global supply chains, the mining industry, which is responsible for approximately 12% of Australia's GDP, is preparing to invest $42 billion. Italy portrays itself as an industrial and technological partner, and this year hosted its first national pavilion at Australia's premier mining event, the International Mining and Resources Conference (IMARC). Altamin is inverting the conventional approach: rather than supplying apparatus and technology to Australia, it is bringing Australian capital and mining expertise to Italy. "Italy has significant mineral potential, which has remained unused for decades for reasons unrelated to the quality of its resources", Harris, Altamin's chief executive officer. "Rome and Brussels are dedicated to the development of their own projects regarding critical raw materials, and the Italian authorization system is consistent with that of the world's most significant advanced economies. We are taking an innovative, responsible, and transparent approach, supported by an Italian staff and world-class universities and research institutes. Producing in Italy rather than refining overseas results in less imports and greater value maintained in the national economy. This indicates that cooperation between Australia and Italy can yield reciprocal benefits".